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Table INF-3. Prevalence of markers for HBV infection among injecting drug users in the EU, Croatia, Turkey and Norway, 2011 or most recent year available (summary table by country)

Country or region	% positive aHBc(1)				% positive aHBs(1)				% positive HBsAg(1)
Country or region	Year	Number tested	National samples	Sub-National samples	Year	Number tested	National samples	Sub-National samples	Year	Number tested	National samples	Sub-National samples	Setting/comments (2) (3) (4) (5)	References
Belgium	2011	359	:	16,7-55,1	2011	374	:	25,5 - 52.3	2011	373	:	3,7 - 4,3	DTC; serum	22 ;25; 27 ; 28
Bulgaria	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	2011	1130	:	4.5	DTC, NSP, LTS, PRI; serum	7a ; 7b ; 7c ; 7d
Czech Republic	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:
Denmark	2006	186	37.1	:	2004	101	37.0	:	:	:	:	:	ODD; post mortem blood	7
Germany	2011	534	:	16,3-33,0	2011	534	:	19,3-36,6	2011	534	:	0,3 -1,5	LTS; dried blood spots	38
Estonia	2010	81	:	3.5	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	NSP;Serum	6
Ireland	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:
Greece	2011	1723	21,6 - 32,3	14.0 - 40.3	2011	1784	40.7 - 54.3	3.4 - 60.5	2011	2196	1.2 - 3.8	0.0 - 9.2	DTC, LTS, PHL, OHC, PRI, STR, OTH; serum	1 ; 2 ; 9 ; 18 ; 19 ;20
Spain	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:
France	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:
Italy*	2010	50720	33.9	8.5 -67.0	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	DTC; serum; IDUnk. All markers.	47 ; 48a ; 48b; 49;50
Cyprus	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	2011	151	0.7	:	DTC; serum	10 ; 11 ; 12
Latvia	2011	81	:	65.4	:	:	:	:	2011	81	:	6.2	STR; serum	19
Lithuania	2006	526	:	63.9	2006	324	:	54.9	2006	668	:	3.3 – 8.9	HTC, LTS; serum, dried blood spots	5 ; 99
Luxembourg	2005	493	18.4 - 35.9	:	2005	502	54.9 - 75.3	:	2005	255	3.9	:	DTC, NSP, LTS, STI, ANT, OHC, PRI; serum	6
Hungary	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	2011	848	0.5	1.6	NSP, DTC, PRI ; dried blood spots, serum	24 ;25
Malta	2011	87	:	1.2	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	DTC, HTC, PHL, STI, ANT, OHC; serum	7; 8 ; 9 ; 10
Netherlands	2011	19	:	31.6	2010	8	:	13.0	2010/2011^^	35	:	0.0 - 13	DTC; serum	33; 34 ; 35
Austria	2011	505	10.3	0,0 -33,3	2011	159	:	47.8	2011	159	:	5.7	LTS, DTC, NSP; serum. All markers.	2 ; 5 ; 12 , 13 ; 14
Poland	2009	184	:	26.3 - 56.7	2004	382	:	31.5 - 34.5	2009	186	:	2.5 - 3.8	DTC, LTS, PRI, STR; serum	6 ; 12
Portugal***	2011	238	81.5	:	2011	295	73.2	:	2010/2011	1256	2.2 -4.3	:	DTC ; serum, dried blood spots	29 ; 30 ; 31 ;32
Romania	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	2009	447	:	4.7	STR; dried blood spots	7
Slovenia	2011	149	8.1	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	DTC; serum	5 ; 9 ;11
Slovakia	2011	65	:	21.5	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	DTC; serum	12 ; 14 ;16
Finland	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:
Sweden	2010	175	:	23.4	:	:	:	:					PRI, serum	13 ;14
United Kingdom	2011	2838	:	10,1 - 15,9	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	DTC, NSP, LTS; OTH; dried blood spots,saliva	2 , 3 ; 54 ; 65; 68;69;70;71;72;73
Croatia	2007/08	705	24.0	7.5 - 31.4	2007/08	706	15.0	4.7 - 13.2	2010	168	:	2.4	PRI, DTC, NSP, LTS, PHL, HTC; serum	1
Turkey	:	:	:	:	2011	707	:	7.5	:	:	:	:	DTC; serum	0
Norway	2011	175	:	33.1	2011	160	:	28.8	2011	174	:	1.2	NSP, LTS; serum.	16 ; 21 ; 23 ; 25 ; 26

Notes:

This summary table gives a global overview of prevalence of HBV markers in IDUs in the EU, 2010 or most recent year available. Data for more than one year are combined if they clearly improve generalisability (e.g. national data, out-of-treatment data). Prevalence in this table should not be compared with previous versions to follow changes over time, as inclusion of sources may vary according to data availability. For time trends see Tables INF-114 and INF-115 .

Sample size is mostly equal for the different HBV markers, where this is not the case the smallest sample size is shown.

(1) The figures show estimates (or range of estimates) from national and/or sub-national level samples.

(2) Saliva tests for hepatitis B antibodies underestimate prevalence. If test sensitivity is known then figures can be adjusted upwards by dividing prevalence by test sensitivity. Figures have not been adjusted.

(3) Having health problems is one selection criterion for admission to drug treatment in some countries or cities, due to long waiting lists or special programmes for infected IDUs, and this may result in upward bias of prevalence. Prevalence from treatment data should therefore be interpreted in combination with non-treatment data.

(4) § IDUnk = IDU status not known, prevalence in IDUs is likely to be underestimated.

(5) ODD = Overdose Deaths; DEM = Drug Emergencies; DTC = Drug Treatment Centres; NSP = Needle Exchanges; LTS = Low-Threshold Services; PHL = Public Health Laboratories; STI = STI Clinics; ANT = Antenatal Clinics; OHC = Other Hospital or Clinics; PRI = Prisons; ARR = Arrests; GPS = General Practitioners; HTC = HIV Testing Centres; STR = Street; OTH = Other.

^^ A study from 2010 is included too (the 2011 is from Amsterdam and the other from Rotterdam)

* Italy provided a national estimate for 2010 only, even though regional data for 2011 were provided for many regions, but not for all (i.e. Liguria and Lombardia). So regional data for 2010 and not for 2011 are presented here as well for comparability reasons.

*** In 2010, data from 2 studies (SP study in DTCs using serum as specimen and DT study in DTCs using serum and DBSs as specimen) were provided and in 2011 data only from one of those were submitted (DT study). However, the estimates from the two studies vary a lot, and so both estimates are provided here to allow for this variation

Sources:

See Tables INF-114 and INF-115 and INF-0.

For references see Table INF-0. Bibliographic References-Part A: References for prevalence data

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